One Is A Lonely Number (1972)
Taxonomy of Interactive Domain of Educational Objectives
Taxonomy of Interactive Domain of
Educational Objectives
1. Introduction :
A taxonomy of educational objectives is a classification of educational objectives in terms of learning outcomes. It is a hierarchical classification of human growth in a given domain of development. It means that learning at the highest level of objectives is dependent on having attained lower level of objectives. It helps to understand the sequence and organization of human knowledge and skills in a hierarchical level and its development. It also helps to define and evaluate all round development of the students and educational standards of a school.
A taxonomy of objectives is divided into three domains ,a Cognitive Domain, an Affective Domain and a Psychomotor Domain. Cognitive Domain was prepared and published by Dr. Benjamin .S. Bloom, an educational psychologist at the University of Chicago, in his book namely, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives :The Classification of Educational Goals. In 1956,and again in1965. The Cognitive Domain includes those objectives that deal with the recall or recognition of knowledge and the development of intellectual abilities including new creation as Aderson added it afterwards, .Cognitive Domain includes Knowledge, Comprehension ,Application , Analysis, Synthesis, Evaluation and New creation.
The Affective Domain was prepared by Krathwohl ,Bloom and Masia and published in 1964 in ‘A Taxonomy of Educational objectives ,Handbook II’ .The objectives of the Affective Domain describes changes in interest ,attitude, values, the development of appreciations and adjustment. Affective Domain includes Receiving, Responding, Valuing Organization and Characterization.
Renowned Educationalist, W.N. Dandekar in his book ‘Evaluation in Schools’ second edition,1986 mentioned that Dr. Dave ,Head of the Department of Curriculum Development ,NCERT ,New Delhi has proposed a taxonomy in the Psychomotor Domain. It pertains to the motor skill area of a child. He also mentioned that the feasibility of developing Psychomotor Domain is being studied by a group at the University of Illions under Dr. Elizabeth Simpson, in 1972 .Though, this taxonomy was in the form of working hypothesis, we use it as a classification of educational hierarchical objectives of a Psychomotor Domain for a child development . Psychomotor Domain. as Dr. Dave classified , includes Imitation , Manipulation ,Precision ,Articulation and Naturalization.
Argyle M. in his book,’Social Interactions Methuen:London in 1969 and Rockham, N and Morgan, T in their book ‘Begaviour Analysis in Training, McGrew Hill: UK in 1977 tried to classify the interactions into two groups like Verbal Interactions and Non-verbal Interactions. But they had not succeeded to frame the Taxonomy of Objectives of the Interactive skills, which is very clearly Prof. Prakash M. Deshpande mentioned on page number 27, in the book namely ‘Instructional System Design’ in 1993. The members of the Evalution Committee of this book were Prof. B.N.Kohl, Prof.B.K. Passey, and Prof. M.D. Agrawal. Therefore, this part of developing taxonomy was vacuum and needs to develop.
2. Need of Developing a New Domain:
Education is the process of all round development of a child. What is the all round development ? When we consider the cognitive domain ,we try to develop the knowledge ,and its application and lastly one can create a new knowledge if cognitive domain is fully developed. It means he is a knowledgeable one.
When we consider the affective domain ,we try to develop the emotions ,control over the emotions and study which is good and which is bad. It helps to become a ethical person. It means through the affective domain , we try to develop the person with characterization.
When we consider the psychomotor domain ,we try to develop the skills of motor activities, the manipulation of activities and lastly to perform the motor activities with naturalization.
All round development of child ,thus ,includes creating a knowledgeable person, the person with characterization and the person who performs his motor activities naturally .Then ,the question arises ,why the meritorious students or characterised persons do not get success in the society .why the child whose psychomotor domain is developed gets the job like worker only. We have the various examples found in the society that a person without education or having less education gets a success in life, for example Vasantadada Patil of Maharashtra who became Chief Minister of the State, thrice.
Therefore ,it is necessary to search for developing a taxonomy for a new domain like Interactive Domain so that educated people should be able to get a success in their lives and also they are respected.
3. Interactive Domain :
3.1 Meaning of Interaction
‘Interaction is a kind of process of action that carried out when two or more objects have an effect upon one another through its sub processes like assimilation ,co-operation, competition and conflict process using verbal and /or non-verbal communication skill, observation skill and inquisition skill as a response of its effect.’
After reading this definition, we may put out the features of the Interaction below for studying the definition in detail
3.2 Features of the Interactions:
3.2.1. Interaction requires two or more persons.
3.2.2. The effect of the interaction is seen on each-other or one another.
3.2.3. Interaction is the process.
3.2.4. Interaction consists of three components : communication , observation. & inquisition
3.2.5. The social factors or sub processes of interaction consists of assimilation , co- operation ,competition and conflict.
3.2.6. School situation creates many sort of interactions.
3.2.7. Interactions can be classified as verbal, non-verbal and of the both.
3.2.8. Most of the interactions are the combination of both, verbal and non verbal.
3.2.9. Interactions can be developed through School Education.
3.2.10. Interactions can be classified in the form of taxonomy.
Lets discuss these points below.
3.2.1. Interaction requires two or more persons.
Interactions requires two or more persons .A person himself can’t interact himself. Introspection is differ from interaction .The presence of another person is always prerequisite for interaction. Therefore at least two persons are required for the interaction. More than two persons are always helpful for the interaction.
3.2.2. The effect of the interaction is seen on each-other.
Only the presence of two or more persons is not enough .The effect of interaction on each-other or one another has to be seen. If the effect is not seen on each-other or one another, the communication is not completed, therefore, interaction is also not completed. Therefore, for the development of interaction , the effect of it on the persons involved in it has to be seen.
3.2.3. Interaction is a process.
Interaction is a process. It has a beginning and has an end. Since beginning ,to achieve its end, it goes through many stages, achieving certain objectives. Sometimes a person assimilates something at the time of interaction, sometimes co-operates, sometimes compete with one-another and sometimes conflict with each-other. This process goes on communicating to, observing to and inquisitive into as a response to each other or one-another. It has many hidden factors in it. At the time of developing interactions, one has to study all these things.
3.2.4. Components of Interactions:
Interaction consists of three main components or skills as follows:
3.2.4.1. Communication.
3.2.4.2. Observation.
3.2.4.3 Inquisition
3.2.4.1. Communication.
Communication is the heart of the interaction. If there is no communication, there is no interaction at all. While interacting, communication takes place in many different shapes like—
The third classification is slightly different than the first two because it involves the first two and their combination at the same time. The process of combination goes without thinking but naturally. When we say something verbally , our body movements and gestures add the meaning into our saying. If we do not get the meaning of body movements or to the gestures, the meaning of only saying may catch different meaning. Therefore the combination of the both is necessary for interactions.
The third classification is slightly different than the first two because it involves the first two and their combination at the same time. The process of combination goes without thinking but naturally. When we say something verbally , our body movements and gestures add the meaning into our saying. If we do not get the meaning of body movements or to the gestures, the meaning of only saying may catch different meaning. Therefore the combination of the both is necessary for interactions.
The third classification is slightly different than the first two because it involves the first two and their combination at the same time. The process of combination goes without thinking but naturally. When we say something verbally , our body movements and gestures add the meaning into our saying. If we do not get the meaning of body movements or to the gestures, the meaning of only saying may catch different meaning. Therefore the combination of the both is necessary for interactions.
i) Oral Communication
ii) Written communication,
iii) Communication with body movements and gestures.
Oral communication depends upon the Speaking Skill whereas written communication depends upon Writing Skill. And thus, for developing the communication , one has to develop speaking skill and writing skill also. Wherever interactions take place, communication always exist in any of these forms. Therefore, communication is the important component in the process of interaction.
Moreover , the communication always consists of the content i.e. the matter that to communicate. Therefore, one has to develop the Listening Skill, Reading Skill, Library Skill and also the Research Skill. These skills help to collect the information.
Communication also involves the Media of communication . Therefore ,it needs to develop the Technical Skill also . Computer literacy is always welcome for choosing the media.
Communication always involve Feedback. If the feed back is as desired one, the interaction strengthen and if it doesn’t ,the interaction lessens. Therefore feedback is also considered the necessary part of the interaction process.
3.2.4.2. Observation:
Observation is the eyes of the interactions. Without observation , one is not able to develop the interactions. Many things of a child development is based on how he observes the others, Therefore, observation always helps a child to develop interactions. A child learns attitudes, language, values or behaviour of a another person or a group of persons and incorporates them into his own personality. If one wants to develop interactions in a child, it needs him to develop the observation skill especially for the non-verbal interactions.
3.2.4.3 Inquisition :
Inquisition is the feet of the interaction. Our most interactions are made due to our inquiry. The inquiry we make leads to the interaction. We get much information from others. It is needed only to inquire of the information from them. One has to have the inquisition skill for the purpose. Many times ,observation of the behaviour of others needs some clarification to attach the meaning to that behaviour. Many new things can be visible because of this skill. Therefore, for the development of the interaction it also needs to develop the inquisitive skill of the child.
3.2.5. Social factors in Interaction:
There are four types of social factors or sub processes involved in the in
the process of interaction as follows.
3.2.5.1. Assimilation process.
3.2.5.2. Co-operation process.
3.2.5.3. Competition process.
3.2.5.4. Conflict process.
3.2.5.1 Assimilation process:
Child learns many things ,and shapes its attitudes ,learns a language and sticks the values ,or gives the values to the behaviour of another person or persons and thus the process of assimilation takes place which is the one of the most meaningful process in education A child uses observation component at the time of assimilating something. .A child learns something and makes use of what he has learnt .Interaction helps to assimilate values, languages, behaviour of another persons and helps to shape the attitudes
3.2.5.2 Co-operation process:
There are always exchange of thoughts ,ideas and goods of transaction at the time of interactions .When the children try to achieve similar or identical aims or objectives ,there needs co-operation .In co-operation ,there is a sharing and synthesis of thought ,energy and often resources. Better interactions are always based on co-operation of each other. In this process, communication component is always used.
3.2.5.3 Competition process:
Interactions always involve competition along with co-operation as children follow different ways to achieve the same aim competing with others. Therefore, this competition factor always be a part of interaction. Here, the observation and communication are the components observed keenly. It is because a child observes others and tries to compete over them. Moreover, according to feed back, it tries to decide its ways to compete.
3.2.5.4 Conflict process:
Conflict is the attempt of one or more persons to attain identical aims through elimination of competitors ,where the emphasis is on the persons in the competitive process and not on the aims to be attained ,It means conflict does not involve well-defined causes or clear aims but is simply a highly emotional battle between the two or more persons involved in the interactions. This battle always goes to prove the influence of one another observing the situation .
3.2.6. Interactions in Schools.
School situation creates many sort of interactions. They are given
diagramacally as follows.
A Child A Child A child interacts with another child.
A Child Children A child interacts with children in the school.
A Child A teacher A child interacts with a teacher.
A Child Teachers A child interacts with teachers in the school.
Children A teacher Children interacts with a teacher.
Children Teachers Children interacts with teachers in the schools.
A Child Head Master A child interacts with a Head Master.
Children Head Master Children interact with a Head Master
3.2.7. Classification of Interactions.
The classification of the interactions will be as follows.
3.2.7.1 Verbal Interactions
3.2.7.2 Non verbal Interactions
3.2.7.3 The combination of the both i.e. Verbal and Non verbal Interactions.
3.2.7.1 Verbal Interactions:
Verbal Interactions are the interactions which are made verbally. It consists of proposing and suggesting something supporting to something, giving information, seeking classification etc.
3.2.7.2 Non-verbal Interactions:
Non-verbal Interactions consist of bodily movements and gestures used for the interactions. Bodily movements consist of movement of eyes ,hands, body posture etc. & Gestures consist of facial expressions of a person.
3.2.7.3 Verbal or Non verbal or Combination of the both
Though Argyle M., Rockham, N and Morgan ,T have classified the interactions into two groups , they can be made through verbal or through non-verbal or through the both. Through the both means interactions can be made verbally and non verbally at the same time. Therefore the classification is extended and interactions can be classified into three categories adding one as the combination of the both i.e. Verbal and Non verbal Interactions.
The third classification is slightly different than the first two because it involves the first two and their combination at the same time. The process of combination goes without thinking but naturally. When we say something verbally , our body movements and gestures add the meaning into our saying. If we do not get the meaning of body movements or to the gestures, the meaning of only saying may catch different meaning. Therefore the combination of the both is necessary for interactions
Therefore the combination of the both is necessary for interactions.
3.7. 8 Most Interactions are the Verbal and Non verbal Interactions.
If we take the happenings of the Interactions of all the three categories, most of the interactions fall under the third category i.e. under verbal and non verbal interactions. In a very few situations ,interactions can be made having using one of the categories of the first two. A dumb child interacts with using non verbal interactions or interactions that take place through phone, etc. But most of the interactions involves both verbal and non verbal interactions at the same time.
3.7. 9 Interactions can be developed through School Education.
All round development of a child is the aim of School Education. Development of the skill of interaction is a part and parcel of all round development of a child. Therefore it needs to develop the skill of interactions of a child. It is possible to develop the skill through the School Education. It requires a systematic taxonomy of acquiring the skill of interactions.
3.2.10 Interactions can be classified in the form of taxonomy.
As it is already mentioned, a taxonomy of interaction is not developed yet. Argyle, M., Rockham N., and Morgan,T. had classified the interactions into two categories and tried to classify them into a taxonomic form . But they had not succeeded as Dr. Prakash Deshpande, (1993)mentioned it clearly. They had not mentioned the definite skills required for developing the interaction skill. And also hierarchical criteria was not also followed. But it is possible to fix the sub skills of interactions classifying them into Verbal Interactions and Non verbal Interactions. It is also possible to fix their hierarchy and put them in the taxonomical form for the development of the skill of Interaction.
4 Importance of development of Interactive Domain:
As we have seen ,an Interaction process involves three components as communication, observation and inquisition and four sub processes as assimilation process ,co-operation process ,competition process and conflict process. These three components and four sub process of interaction process are very important for all round development of the child.
It is because while interacting to one another a child has to . :
- learn the communication skill and use it properly,
- develop the observation skill and make use of it for shaping the attitudes,
- learn to inquire of for seeking information,
- learn and change the behaviour and views as it gets the feed back using listening skill,
- learn to use library and references,
- learn to develop speaking skill and writing skill,
- learn to use technical skills especially computer skill
- learn to analyse and interpret the information for drawing conclusions.
- learn to assimilate the good habits ,attitudes, languages, values etc. and shape the behaviour,
10. learn to cooperate each other and develop collectively.
11. learn to compete each other for achieving the scarce material and the same objective,
12. learn to attain the identical aims through elimination of competitors and influence on the others.
13. learn to adjust with the situation,
14. learn to lead and guide the society, and
15.learn to perform non verbal interactions naturally while performing verbal interactions.
Thus, the development of the skill of interaction is very necessary and important for development of all round development of a child.
It is because the person without having general education gets respect & importance in the society. Therefore ,it needs to accept the fourth domain as the Interactive Domain to develop all round development of a child initially in the schools.
5. Objectives of Interactive Domain:
Interactive Domain consists of two types of interactions .
5.1.1. Verbal interactions, and
5.1.2 Non-verbal interactions.
Both these two types of interactions go through all the three components namely communication , observation and inquisition and four sub processes or factors namely assimilation, cooperation , competition and conflict as mentioned above. More than that a person sits on his thoughtful sitting and tries to socialise his views or adjusts with the society performing the proper body movements and gestures naturally.
Objectives of Verbal Interactions.
(i) To frame or express a opinion of about the subject under consideration.
(ii) To give the support for the opinion expressed.
(iii)To listen to or to consider the opinions of others on a given subject..
(iv) To collect more information or to seek explanation for lessening the differences.
(v) To express the differences of opinions if any
(vi) To understand the opinions of others by exchanging thoughts and views with
one another.
(vii)To frame or disclose the final opinion after considerations of other opinions.
(viii)To modify the view and rest on thoughtful sitting.
(ix) To adjust with the others or socialize the opinion
Objectives of Non-verbal interaction .
(i)To identify a person whom non-verbal interactions are related to.
(ii) To recognise the relation with the person who comes in contact with.
(iii) To decide to maintain the distance.
(iv) To perform body movement or gestures properly.
(v) To perform body movements and gestures without pre-planning and rest on easy
sitting.
(vi) To perform body movements and gestures naturally.
These all objectives are derived from three components namely communication, observation and inquisition and four sub processes or factors namely, assimilation process, co-operation process, competition process and conflict process.
6. Taxonomy of Interactive Domain:
As a renowned educationalist W.N. Dandekar (1986) mentioned , ‘A taxonomy is a hierarchical classification of the objectives of the given field. It can become a means of understanding the sequence and organization of human development. One of the most important purposes of a taxonomy is to establish accuracy of communication regarding instructional objectives and related matters.’
Considering this, a Taxonomy of Interactive Domain can be given as follows.
Adjustment/socialization
Thoughtful sitting
Exchange of view
Disclosure of Difference Naturalization
Explanation Easy going/sitting
Difference Body Movement & Gestures
Opinions Nearness & Distance
Support Relation
Opinion Identification of a person
Verbal Interactions Non-Verbal Interactions
Interactive Domain
Let us discuss about verbal interactions and non-verbal interactions in detail.
6.1 Verbal Interactions:
When one wants to develop, verbal interactions ,one has to express his views or opinions first and lastly his views or opinions can be adjusted or socialized as per the need of the society or lead the society to follow him .The objectives or sub skills are linked with one another sequentially .All these objectives or sub skills are explained in detail below.
(i) Opinion: (The skill of expressing views or opinions. )
The first step of verbal interaction is to express ones views or opinions Therefore every teacher has to keep in mind that ,he has to assist the student to express his views ,or opinions .For example, he can ask the class whether elections be held to select the monitor or follow any other ways .He can ask the students one by one. Thus, he can make the students to express views or opinions . For forming the opinion on any subject, one has to assimilate something without which he can not express his opinion. And there requires an observation skill and a communication component to assimilate something. Reading references or researches are also helpful for forming one’s opinion. Therefore to express ones opinion is the first step of developing verbal interactions.
(ii) Support: (The skill of providing support to the opinion expressed.)
It is not enough only to express one’s opinion but it is also necessary to give support with any reasons behind it for one’s own opinions .If a student says ,elections should not be held in the class or school ,he has to give the reasons for his support. Thus ,to develop or to produce the evidence or documents or the reasons for support of his own opinions is the second objective of developing verbal interactions. Here he strengthens the communication component so that one should understand the opinion of him with proof. Here also he uses the references or researches that he read .
(iii) Opinions: (The skill of acquiring the opinions of others.)
A student should not stick with his own opinion only. He has to consider opinions of others also .To know the opinions of others is also very important objective in developing the verbal interactions. The opinions of others may differ of his own . But it is necessary to learn to acquire the opinions of others. Therefore to develop to acquire this skill in school is necessary at the time of developing all round development of a child. . Therefore to listen to others is also very important objective in developing the verbal interactions. It is some sort of feed back he receives while acquiring the opinions of others. For the purpose, he develops the listening skill and to express the views on certain issues.
(iv) Difference:( The skill of critically studying the opinions.)
To know the opinions of others is not enough in developing the verbal interaction of a child. It is necessary to find out the difference between the opinions of others and of ones own opinion. It needs to study the opinions of others critically. Therefore , it is considered the skill of finding the difference is the next objective for developing verbal interaction of the child. Here , the child thinks of the feed back he receives on his views or opinions. He analyse the opinions . he may use the computer for the purpose. Thus, technical skill is also used.
(v) Explanation( The skill of acquiring information giving the people respect.)
When there is any difference found in the opinions, it needs to take explanations from the persons concerned about the reasons of the difference .To take an explanation means to try to find out the reasons and lessen the difference of opinions. Here a child respects the
opinions of others. Here, communication and inquisition components work at the time of seeking explanation. Thus, explanation is fifth objective in the development of the verbal interaction of a child.
(vi) Disclosure of the difference: ( The skill of developing critically thinking and
confirming oneself.)
After receiving the explanations , it needs to think critically the various opinions expressed and study them thoroughly . And if a student feels , his opinion is correct ,he has to present his opinion in that way because by this act , a student develops his critical thinking, enjoy freedom and present individuality. Here the process of assimilation and also competition take place. Therefore ,this objective is considered the sixth objective of developing verbal interactions of a child.
(vii) Exchange of views: (The skill of exchanging thoughts.)
After critically studying the opinions of others when he feels that his opinion is based on strongly build evidence ,he has to exchange his views to others .He has to seek criticism on his own opinion. Study it and convey if any differences remained again to the concerned. Get the opinions of them and study again over it . It is better to communicate it again to the concerned and thus ,the process of exchange of views must go on for developing the verbal interactions of child. Here, the components of communication and inquisition and the process of assimilation, competition and conflict take place. A child learns to attain the identical aims through elimination of competitors and influence on the others. Therefore ,this objective is considered as the seventh objective for the purpose.
(viii) Thoughtful Sitting: (The skill of resting on thoughtful sitting,)
The next step of developing the verbal interaction of a child is ‘thoughtful sitting’ It is the stage which is built after due consideration of the opinions of others ,giving respect to the opinions of them and exchanging the various controversial views with them. Here a child builds and confirms his views or opinions very thoughtfully and reaches and rests on the thoughtful sitting. Therefore ,this objective is considered the eighth objectives in developing verbal interaction of a child.
(ix) Adjustment/socialization:( The skill of adjustment and/or of socialization)
A person should not limit his thoughts to himself only. .He has to socialize the thoughts .When he succeeds to persuade the others for accepting his thoughts ,he succeeds to prove that he has developed the verbal interactions in him.
Sometimes a person is not able to transform his thoughts into society or succeed to persuade others to accept his thoughts .Then there needs the person to trade the path lonely or to go with the others adjusting himself. Many times, adjustment with the others is better for such type of a person which leads his life without any trouble .Therefore, for developing a verbal interactions of a child the last step is the adjustment or the socialization of the thoughts of a persons.
When one sees somebody insulting our national flag ,one has to stick to the opinion that the person must be punished though others opinions are differ in that situation. Here ,no adjustments. It needs to pressurise the authority to punish the concerned one. But sometimes, it needs to adjust the situation. Here, the components of communication and the elements of assimilation , cooperation ,competition and conflict take place. Therefore , it is considered the last step of achieving the verbal interactions.
6.2 Non-Verbal Interactions:
The other part of the Interactive Domain is Non-Verbal Interactions .When one wants to develop non-verbal interactions, one has to identify the person whose related non-verbal interactions will be carried out first and lastly the interactions should be carried out naturally .These two objectives are linked with other objectives in sequence. All these objectives are explained in detail below.
(i) Identification of a person:( The skill of recognising the persons. )
- In the process of developing non-verbal interactions ,it is necessary the presence of other persons. One has to identify this person. It is because we change our non-verbal interactions according to him. If he is our class-mate ,we have different interactions than if he is our teacher. Therefore it is necessary to see who this person is ,his age ,gender ,his position whether he is a teacher or a head-master ,and also whether he is from insider or outsider of the class, school or village etc ,Our non-verbal interactions depends upon who this person is Here, the component of observation works. .Therefore identification of a person is the first objective in the development of non-verbal interactions
(ii) Relation: (The skill of strengthening the view.)
It is not enough only to identify the person. But it is also necessary to see what his relation with him or her .If he or she is closely related to us ,we behave differently than the one who is not so closely related. The relation of students with the class teacher and with other teachers are also different. The relation of a boy with his mother and with a teacher always differ. Here also the component of observation skill works. Therefore ,to observe the relationship is considered the second objective in developing the non-verbal interactions of a child.
(iii) Nearness & Distance: (The skill of keeping the distance.)
Nearness and Distances are the physical factors considered after identification of a person and taking his/her relation into account. It is necessary to have this object in developing non-verbal interactions because we keep distance while dealing with girls than boys; with head-master than teachers, with teachers than class-teachers, etc. When a teacher goes near to a student , he maintains closeness to him and removes fear out of his mind, and creates love and faith in him. Non-verbal interactions depends upon this physical distance. Closely related persons always keep nearness to each-other whereas distance is always kept if they are not so related to each other. Here the process of assimilation works as the person assimilates the relationships and keeps the distance or goes near to him or her. Therefore, this objective is considered as the third objective in developing non-verbal interactions of a child.
(iv) Body Movements & Gestures: (The skill of performing body movements and gestures.)
Non-verbal interactions are nothing but body movements and gestures of a person The body movements and gestures of any person are performed after identifying a person who meets him and knowing the relationship with him which affects for deciding the distance , if any, while dealing with him. .We can blink the eyes or clap on the shoulder while talking to the friends but not to the teachers or to the headmaster .We can easily touch to the persons who are close to us while talking to them but we can’t touch the persons of the opposite sex if they are not close to us. Our body movements and gestures are determined as per the distance we keep with one-another Here, the process of assimilation works as the person assimilates the relationships. Therefore ,this objective is considered as the fourth objective in developing non-verbal interactions.
(v) Easy going or sitting: (The skill of performing body movements and gestures easily.)
Body movements or gestures should be performed as per the persons we meet . It should be performed easily. When we meet our teacher, our body movement and gestures must be reflected showing the respect to him, or her. Likewise to the elderly person or persons .When we meet our friends ,one should guess that we are meeting our friends observing our body movements and gestures .This type of development is necessary in the process of acquiring non-verbal interactions. Therefore easy going or sitting is considered as the fifth objective in developing the non-verbal interaction.
(vi) Naturalization: (The skill of performing body movements and gestures
naturally.)
Naturalization is the last step of developing non-verbal interactions of a child .It is because any body movement or gesture should be performed naturally .There should not be pre-planning for the performance. One should not think while in contacting the teacher about the body-movement and gestures .They have to come out at ease and without any special efforts .Non-verbal interactions should come out naturally .Therefore, it is considered the last step in developing the non-verbal interactions of a child.
7. All Round Development of a Child :
The all round development of a child or the behaviour of a child has now four domains as given below.
Cognitive Psycho-motor Affective Interactive Domain Domain Domain Domain
A diagramacally we can present all the four taxonomies as given below.
New Creation Characterization Naturalization Adjustment/ Naturalization
Socialization.
Thoughtful sitting
Exchange of views
Evaluation Disclosure of difference
Synthesis Explanation Easy sitting
Analysis Organization Articulation Differences Body Movements &
Gestures.
Application Valuing Precision Opinions Nearness &
Distance.
Comprehension Responding Manipulation Support Relation
Knowledge Receiving Imitation opinion Identifications
Verbal Non-verbal
Interactions inter-actions
Cognitive Affective Psychomotor Interactive Domain
Domain Domain Domain
All Round Development of a Child.
8 Specifications of the Objectives and Evaluation of Verbal Interactions:
Like other domains ,the objectives or the skills of ‘Interactive Domain’ are needed to be written in the statement form and their specifications are also needed to be written as per the evaluation point of view. It will help one to test whether the objectives are achieved or not.
Domain
objective
Related
Information
Statement of
objective
specification
Evaluation
Interactive Domain
Verbal
Interactions.
Opinion
Expression
of opinion
To express the
opinion on the
given subject
Student expresses
his opinions on the given subject/s
1.What is your opinion on this
issue ?
2.Present your
opinion.
Support
Provision of
sources for
support
To give a support for the opinion expressed
Student gives support for his opinion.
1.On what ground do you say this?
2.Give support for your opinion.
Opinions
Considerations of other opinions.
To consider the
opinions of others on a given subject.
Student considers the opinions of others on a given subject.
1.What are others opinion on this subject?
2.Take the opinion of others on this issue.
Explanation
Additional
information
To collect more
information on the issue in hand.
A student collects more information taking explanation from others on the given subject.
1.What information do you collect after seeking the opinions of others?
2.Do you need additional information to study the opinions of others ?Have it?
Difference
Expression of
differences
To express the differences of opinions if any
A student expresses the differences of opinions if any .
1.What differences do you find in various opinions you collect on the issue in hand?
2.Do you think the differences are minor or major ?why ?
Exchange of Views
Exchange of views & thoughts
To understand the opinions of others by exchanging thoughts and views with one another.
A student exchanges his views and thoughts with one another to understand the opinions of one another.
1.Do you communicate your opinion to others?
2.Have others communicated their opinions to you ?
3.What others think about your opinions and what you think about their opinions?
Disclosure of diference
Presentation of confirm opinion
To develop a critical thinking, enjoy freedom and present individuality and also to assimilate something in the process of competition.
A student develops his critical thinking, enjoy freedom and present individuality. He also assimilates something in the process of competition.
1.Have you studied all the different opinions of others?
2. Is your opinion different from them?
In what sense?
3.Have you disclosed your opinion to the concerned?
4.Have you learnt something after studying the differences? What is that?
Thoughtful
Sitting
Definite
Final opinion
To frame the
final opinion
after considerations
of other opinions
A student frames a final opinion after
consideration the opinions of others and exchange the views with one another.
1.What is your last opinion on the issue?
2.Have you had a thoughtful sitting on this issue?
Adjustment/
Socialization
Co-ordination
To adjust with
the others or
socialize the
opinion
A student tries to socialize the
opinion or to adjust with the others.
1.Do you firm with your opinion or want to change it?
2.If you are firm ,how you will persuade others to follow you?
3.If you are not ,do you want to adjust with other opinions?
Why?
9 Specifications of the Objectives and Evaluation of Non verbal Interactions:
Non-verbal
Interaction
Identification
Identification
of a person.
To indentify a
person whom non-verbal interactions are related
A student identifies the person whom non-verbal interactions are related
1.Who is she?
Do you know her?
2.Who is he?
What is his name? Do you meet him before?
Relation
Recognition of the relation between the two.
To recognise the relation with the person who comes in contact with him.
A student recognises the relation of him with the person who comes in contact.
1.Is seta your sister? ,Mother?
Classmate? Friend?
2.How do you call Shreeshant
by his nick name,Shree ? or as Shreeshant? Or as a Teacher ? or as a Daddy?
Nearness &
Distance
Distance
maintenance
To decide to maintain the distance or to go near .
A student keeps a proper distance thinking of relationship
1.When your friends is sad how you will consol him?
2. Do you keep distance in bowing down your parents? Why?
Easy Sitting
Easy going of body movements and gestures
To perform body movements and gestures easily without pre-planning.
A student performs body movements and gestures easily without pre-planning.
1.Observe the reactions of your classmates when any new announcement is made in the class and note it into observation book. Do you think any one of you reacted it with pre-planning?
2.How do you convience that you are not pretending but your body movements and gestures were easy going?
Naturalization
Absence of pretendency.
To perform body movements and gestures naturally.
A student performs his body movements and gestures
naturally and easily without
thinking.
1.Find out the pre tendency of your class-mates particularly body movement and gestures made in the class before your teacher and note it in your observation book..
2.Descibe one movement you observed in the class or in a family where body movements and gestures are not done naturally but are done with
pre tendency.
10 Summing up:
Interactive Domain is very important domain in developing all round development of a child. A child learns to develop its observation skill, communication skill and inquisition skill going through the assimilation process, the cooperation process, the competition process and through the conflict process and through many sub skills of verbal interactions and non verbal interactions.
But the interaction process was not properly analysed and put it into the objectives or the skills . The taxonomy of the objectives of this domain was also not properly made before. This was the vacuum remained in developing a child in the schools. It is an effort made consciously to structure the objectives hierarchal so that a teacher can develop this domain of a child in a school for fulfilling all round development of a child.
Any query or explanation is always welcome in this regard.
References:
(1) Anderson and others(2001)A Taxonomy for Learning, teaching and Assessing: A revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, New York: Longthan.
(2) Argyle M.(1969) Social Interactions Methuen : London.
(3) Bhatia Kamala and Bhatia Balder(1986) The Philosophical and Sociological Foundations of Education ,Doaba House ,Booksellers & publishers,1688, Nai Sarak,Delhi 110006.
(4) Bloom, B.S.(1972) Taxonomy of Educational Objectives Handbook I: Cognitive Domain Longman: London.
(5) Dandekar ,W.N.(1986) Evaluation in Schools ,Shrividya Prakashan, 250 Shaniwar,
Ashtabhuja Marg , Poona 30 ,India.
(6) Deshpande, P.M.(1993) Instructional Systems Design ,YCM open University, Nashik
Maharashtra. India
(7) Dave ,R.H.(1969) Taxonomy of Educational Objectives and Achievement Testing,
in ‘Developments in Educational Testing’ Vol I. University of London Press, London.
(8) Harper and Harper (1992) Pre paring Objectives examinations – A Book for Teacher
Students and Examiners, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi 01 .India.
(9) Krathwohld, D .R. Bloom, B .S. Masia B.B: (1972) Taxonomy of Educational Objectives,Handbook II: Affective Domain Longman : London.
(10) Mager, R.F(1975) Preparing Instructional Objectives,Fearon publishers: Belmont ,USA.
(11) Pandit V.K. (1978) Teacher Education Curriculum –A Framework, National council of Teacher Education , New Delhi. India.
(12)Patel Rambahi N. (1989) Educational Evaluation Theory and Practice, Himalaya
Publishing House, Mumbai. India.
(13) Rackham , N and Morgan ,T (1977) Behaviour Ayalysis in Training, Mc Grew Hill ; Uk.
(14) Romiszowski; A.J.(1982) Designing Instructional Systems ,Kogan Page: London.
(15) Skinner, B.F.(1957) Verbal Behaviour Appleton-Century .Crofts : New York.
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